{"id":5170,"date":"2022-02-28T15:13:16","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T14:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/?p=5170"},"modified":"2026-01-05T15:54:20","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T14:54:20","slug":"lide-jsou-ruzni-aneb-o-komunikaci-v-prekladu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/lide-jsou-ruzni-aneb-o-komunikaci-v-prekladu\/","title":{"rendered":"Lid\u00e9 jsou r\u016fzn\u00ed aneb O komunikaci v p\u0159ekladu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5170\" class=\"elementor elementor-5170\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6633045e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6633045e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2215251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2215251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3f8293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b3f8293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lid\u00e9 jsou r\u016fzn\u00ed aneb O komunikaci v p\u0159ekladu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3312c73e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3312c73e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>Problematika lidsk\u00e9ho dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jevit v jin\u00e9m sv\u011btle. Z\u00e1jem se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed z n\u00e1stroj\u016f dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na jin\u00e9 slo\u017eky a \u00farovn\u011b \u2013 na\u00a0<strong>komunika\u010dn\u00ed procesy<\/strong>. V prostoru vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9m slovy, v tzv. \u201esv\u011btech ze slov\u201c, se konstruuje lidsk\u00fd sv\u011bt a kultura, konstituuj\u00ed se v\u0161echny jejich pojmov\u00e9 a v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 kategorie, nap\u0159. p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fd sv\u011bt, v\u011bdom\u00ed, pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, kultura, historie. Vznik\u00e1 i instituce duchovn\u00edch sv\u011bt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dorozum\u00edvac\u00ed procesy a teorie komunikace<\/h3>\n\n<p>Teorie komunikace se pokou\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00e9 pragmatick\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady mus\u00ed existovat, maj\u00ed-li se uskute\u010d\u0148ovat dorozum\u00edvac\u00ed procesy. Komunikovat ov\u0161em znamen\u00e1\u00a0<strong>sd\u00edlet nejen my\u0161lenky, ale i dojmy, emoce, hodnotov\u00e9 orientace apod<\/strong>. Pro p\u0159eklad je v t\u00e9to souvislosti d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd hermeneutick\u00fd pohled na probl\u00e9m, nebo\u0165 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed kategori\u00ed hermeneutiky, v\u011bdy o interpretaci, je \u201erozum\u011bn\u00ed\u201c ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 jako proces.<\/p>\n\n<p>Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed jazyka do \u017eivotn\u00ed formy ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\u00a0<strong>r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed mimojazykov\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti<\/strong>. V z\u00e1vislosti na stupni zafixov\u00e1n\u00ed a stanoven\u00ed pravidel pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka vznikaj\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e9 pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny (nap\u0159. politick\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, genera\u010dn\u00ed, sexistick\u00e9).<\/p>\n\n<p>Sv\u011bton\u00e1zorov\u011b relevantn\u00ed jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad frazeologismy, z nich\u017e \u0159ada jich je ideologicky zbarven\u00fdch. Z podobn\u00fdch fenom\u00e9n\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee\u00a0<strong>u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed m\u011brou vyjad\u0159uje ur\u010dit\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1zor \u010di ideologii<\/strong>, ani\u017e si to jeho u\u017eivatel\u00e9 uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jako p\u0159\u00edklad uve\u010fme\u00a0<strong>sv\u011bton\u00e1zorovou relevantnost ur\u010dit\u00fdch aspekt\u016f normy<\/strong>\u00a0a z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavky na kompetentnost p\u0159ekladatele.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Etnocentrick\u00e9 tendence normy jednotliv\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>. \u010cetn\u00e9 lex\u00e9my, frazeologismy a metafory obsahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m zafixovan\u00e9m obsahu pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed konotace odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1zor p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch skupin.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Androcentrick\u00e9 tendence normy jednotliv\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>. Zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se jimi p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm feministick\u00e1 lingvistika. Nap\u0159. ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed povol\u00e1n\u00ed, funkc\u00ed (rada\/radn\u00ed x radov\u00e1).<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Antropocentrick\u00e9 tendence normy jednotliv\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>. Zkoumaj\u00ed se i z hlediska ekolingvistiky. Nap\u0159. dvojice \u0161k\u016fdci x u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch rozd\u00edln\u011b poj\u00edm\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vn\u011bjazykov\u00e9 determinanty v p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00e9 praxi<\/h3>\n\n<p>Z hlediska p\u0159ekladu tak nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed vedle vnitrotextov\u00fdch instrukc\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitosti tak\u00e9 vn\u011bjazykov\u00e9 determinanty[1]. To jsou faktory, kter\u00e9\u00a0<strong>spoluur\u010duj\u00ed jazykovou podobu v\u00fdchoz\u00edho i c\u00edlov\u00e9ho textu<\/strong>. Podle K. Rei\u00dfov\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed k vn\u011bjazykov\u00fdm determinant\u00e1m u\u017e\u0161\u00ed situa\u010dn\u00ed z\u0159etel, ten plat\u00ed pouze pro d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed textov\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee a t\u00fdk\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad nar\u00e1\u017eek, aluz\u00ed, intertextov\u00fdch segment\u016f, citoslovc\u00ed, nedopov\u011bzen\u00fdch n\u00e1znak\u016f atd. P\u0159ekladatel mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b schopen hledat\u00a0<strong>optim\u00e1ln\u00ed ekvivalenty v c\u00edlov\u00e9m jazyce<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Faktor \u010dasu<\/strong>\u00a0je podstatn\u00fd zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee text je pevn\u011b spjat s jazykem ur\u010dit\u00e9 epochy.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Faktor m\u00edsta<\/strong>\u00a0se projevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v oblasti re\u00e1li\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed spjat\u00fdch bu\u010f s kulturou v\u00fdchoz\u00edho jazyka, nebo s kulturou d\u011bji\u0161t\u011b l\u00ed\u010den\u00e9ho d\u011bje a ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>P\u0159ekladatel by se m\u011bl pokusit co nejv\u00edce\u00a0<strong>omezit komunika\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu<\/strong>. K dispozici je nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159eklad kalkem, p\u0159eklad s vnit\u0159n\u00ed vysv\u011btlivkou, s pozn\u00e1mkou pod \u010darou apod.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Determinanta p\u0159\u00edjemce<\/strong>\u00a0je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, nebo\u0165 adres\u00e1t p\u0159ekladu se v mnoha ohledech li\u0161\u00ed od adres\u00e1ta origin\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Determinantou producenta<\/strong>\u00a0jsou m\u00edn\u011bny informace o autorovi origin\u00e1lu, kter\u00e9 jsou n\u011bjak relevantn\u00ed pro formulov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchoz\u00edho, a tedy i c\u00edlov\u00e9ho textu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Determinanty afektivn\u00ed implikace<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se projevuj\u00ed ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm textu, by m\u011bly b\u00fdt patrn\u00e9 i v textu c\u00edlov\u00e9m a \u00fakolem p\u0159ekladatele je spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozpoznat a interpretovat jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, kter\u00fdmi byly v origin\u00e1lu vyj\u00e1d\u0159eny nap\u0159\u00edklad sarkasmus, ironie, pohrd\u00e1n\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>[1] Rei\u00df, Katharina, M\u00f6glichkeiten und Grenzen der \u00dcbersetzungskritik, M\u00fcnchen 1971<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lid\u00e9 jsou r\u016fzn\u00ed aneb O komunikaci v p\u0159ekladu Problematika lidsk\u00e9ho dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jevit v jin\u00e9m sv\u011btle. Z\u00e1jem se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed z n\u00e1stroj\u016f dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na jin\u00e9 slo\u017eky a \u00farovn\u011b \u2013 na\u00a0komunika\u010dn\u00ed procesy. V prostoru vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9m slovy, v tzv. \u201esv\u011btech ze slov\u201c, se konstruuje lidsk\u00fd sv\u011bt a kultura, konstituuj\u00ed se v\u0161echny jejich pojmov\u00e9 a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5170"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6990,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5170\/revisions\/6990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}