{"id":5123,"date":"2021-09-30T14:55:04","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T12:55:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/?p=5123"},"modified":"2026-01-05T15:55:19","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T14:55:19","slug":"vsechno-ma-sve-meze-aneb-o-prelozitelnosti-a-neprelozitelnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/vsechno-ma-sve-meze-aneb-o-prelozitelnosti-a-neprelozitelnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u0161echno m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 meze aneb O p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti a nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5123\" class=\"elementor elementor-5123\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49604a89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"49604a89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6fb6f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b6fb6f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d890a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d890a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u0161echno m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 meze aneb O p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti a nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732ac52f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"732ac52f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>L\u00e9ta se vlekouc\u00ed diskusi o p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti a nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti, o mo\u017enostech p\u0159ekladatele a p\u0159ekladu, lze zjednodu\u0161en\u011b charakterizovat asi takto: Zast\u00e1nci\u00a0<strong>teze nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti<\/strong>\u00a0tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e se slovo v jednom jazyce nekryje se slovem v druh\u00e9m jazyce, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b se mohou kr\u00fdt kombinace slov, obrazy, pocity vyjad\u0159ovan\u00e9 jazykem. Kdy\u017e neexistuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vztah mezi prvky dvou syst\u00e9m\u016f, mus\u00ed doch\u00e1zet k rozpor\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det prvk\u016f vstupuje do vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed. Tento analytick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup se d\u00edv\u00e1 na informaci, na obsah sd\u011blen\u00ed, jako na v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f sestavenou z ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvk\u016f. P\u0159ev\u00e9st v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f do jin\u00e9ho jazyka pak znamen\u00e1 line\u00e1rn\u011b reprodukovat soubor prvk\u016f, z kter\u00fdch se skl\u00e1d\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fd optimismus<\/h3>\n\n<p>P\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fd optimismus, tedy p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o tom, \u017ee p\u0159eklad je v z\u00e1sad\u011b mo\u017en\u00fd, se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na\u00a0<strong>pojet\u00ed jazyka jako nositele informace o mimojazykov\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti<\/strong>. Obsah jazykov\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku lze podle tohoto n\u00e1zoru poznat a ov\u011b\u0159it. Proto je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159it ho i jinou formou, resp. prost\u0159edky jin\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nositelem informace je sd\u011blen\u00ed jako celek. Jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky v\u0161ech rovin \u2013 od fonologick\u00e9 a\u017e po syntaktickou a stylistickou \u2013 slou\u017e\u00ed k zak\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed informace. C\u00edlem p\u0159ekladu je\u00a0<strong>reprodukovat nikoli jazykov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, ale informaci<\/strong>, kterou vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed, nikoli konstitutivn\u00ed prvky, n\u00fdbr\u017e funkci sd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed kompetenc\u00ed p\u0159ekladatele<\/h3>\n\n<p>Kvalitativn\u00ed posun v metodologii p\u0159ekladu znamenalo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pojmu p\u0159ekladatelovy jazykov\u00e9 kompetence na komunika\u010dn\u00ed transla\u010dn\u00ed kompetenci. V\u011bda o p\u0159ekladu p\u0159ekro\u010dila hranice pouh\u00e9ho analyzov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchoz\u00edho a c\u00edlov\u00e9ho textu a jejich porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a za\u010dala se zab\u00fdvat p\u0159ekladem jako\u00a0<strong>komplexn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm zasazen\u00fdm do komunika\u010dn\u00ed situace<\/strong>. V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u00faloha nyn\u00ed p\u0159ipadla mezikulturn\u00edmu aspektu vztahu mezi autorem origin\u00e1lu a adres\u00e1tem p\u0159ekladu. P\u0159ekladatelova pravomoc i odpov\u011bdnost se zv\u00fd\u0161ily. Nesta\u010d\u00ed u\u017e, aby ovl\u00e1dal dva \u010di v\u00edce jazykov\u00fdch a komunika\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, n\u00fdbr\u017e mus\u00ed m\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed specifick\u00e9 znalosti a schopnosti.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159elo\u017eitelnost<\/h3>\n\n<p>V t\u00e9to souvislosti je pro teorii a praxi p\u0159ekladu zaj\u00edmav\u00fd a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd pojem principi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti. Objevuje se ve filozofii jazyka u\u017e od osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina stoupenc\u016f principi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti vztahuje platnost teze pouze na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed jazykovou oblast, na jazyk ve funkci denotativn\u00ed, zobrazovac\u00ed. Tak i Roman Jakobson[1] konstatuje, \u017ee\u00a0<strong>ka\u017ed\u00e1 kognitivn\u00ed zku\u0161enost a jej\u00ed klasifikace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena v ka\u017ed\u00e9m existuj\u00edc\u00edm jazyce<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Axiomy vyj\u00e1d\u0159itelnosti a p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti v kognitivn\u00ed oblasti lze ozna\u010dit jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy jazyka, jako \u201ejazykovou univerzalitu\u201c, z n\u00ed\u017e v teorii i praxi vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee\u00a0<strong>denotativn\u00ed ekvivalence lze dos\u00e1hnout r\u016fzn\u00fdmi metodami<\/strong>, za ur\u010dit\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed i jazykov\u011b neekonomick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fdm je nap\u0159\u00edklad opis. Z heterogenity fenom\u00e9nu jazyka v\u0161ak vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 konotativn\u00ed hodnoty t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se stylov\u00fdch rovin a dal\u0161\u00edch stylistick\u00fdch dimenz\u00ed jazyka. I ve sf\u00e9\u0159e konotac\u00ed je p\u0159i p\u0159ekladu nutn\u00e9 hierarchizovat na \u00farovni textu jejich textovou, tedy tak\u00e9 p\u0159ekladatelskou, relevantnost.<\/p>\n\n<p>Syst\u00e9my konotativn\u00edch hodnot jsou stylotvorn\u00e9 a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch se od sebe navz\u00e1jem li\u0161\u00ed. Z t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti vypl\u00fdv\u00e1\u00a0<strong>problematika p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti stylistick\u00fdch kvalit<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 stav\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159ekladatele \u00fakol realizovat na \u00farovni textu v c\u00edlov\u00e9m jazyce stylistick\u00e9 mo\u017enosti funguj\u00edc\u00ed jako konotativn\u00ed ekvivalenty. Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o nich z\u00e1vis\u00ed jednak na mo\u017enostech, kter\u00e9 jsou v c\u00edlov\u00e9m jazyce k dispozici, jednak na hierarchii ekvivalen\u010dn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f, kterou si p\u0159ekladatel pro p\u0159eklad dan\u00e9ho textu stanovil. Anal\u00fdza a zhodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to hierarchie a napln\u011bn\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f jsou \u00fakolem kritika p\u0159ekladu.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>[1] Linguistics and Poetics, in: Style in Language, vyd. Thomas Sebeok. Cambridge 1960<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u0161echno m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 meze aneb O p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti a nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti L\u00e9ta se vlekouc\u00ed diskusi o p\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti a nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti, o mo\u017enostech p\u0159ekladatele a p\u0159ekladu, lze zjednodu\u0161en\u011b charakterizovat asi takto: Zast\u00e1nci\u00a0teze nep\u0159elo\u017eitelnosti\u00a0tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e se slovo v jednom jazyce nekryje se slovem v druh\u00e9m jazyce, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b se mohou kr\u00fdt kombinace slov, obrazy, pocity vyjad\u0159ovan\u00e9 jazykem. Kdy\u017e neexistuje [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5123"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5123\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6991,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5123\/revisions\/6991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nove.ilts.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}